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Pathogens that induce damage are specifically eliminated.
Innate immunity offers immediate protection, while acquired immunity develops through exposure to specific pathogens.
The intestinal mucus layer protects the epithelium from noxious agents, viruses, and pathogenic bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and Gamma Delta T Cells respond rapidly to eliminate invading pathogens
Eliminating extracellular bacteria and fungi occurs by attracting neutrophils; Interleukin-17 Family / Interleukin-17 (IL-17) recruits neutrophils.
Bifidobacterium counteracts pathogen colonization by competing for adhesion sites and secreting antibacterial peptides
A more diverse microbiome can offer various health benefits, particularly by enhancing protection against the colonization of pathogens. Communities comprising up to 50 different species significantly restricted pathogen growth. Our findings indicate that colonization resistance is a collective trait of microbiome communities, meaning that a single strain can only be protective when it works in conjunction with others. Importantly, while greater microbiome diversity raises the likelihood of protection against pathogens, the critical factor is the overlap in nutrient-utilization profiles between the microbiome community and the pathogen.That means the microbiome community consumes essential nutrients required by the pathogens.
Do enterocytes detect pathobiont-generated uracil, it acts as a ligand for intestinal dual oxidase (DUOX), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase oxidase that controls ROS production in enterocytes
By uracil-induced, DUOX-dependent ROS production kills the infecting pathogens
see also:
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) & T helper 17 cell (Th17)
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron & Pathogens / Pathobionts
Bifidobacterium / Bifidobacter
Colonization Resistance & Pathogenic Bacteria
Defending the Attack of Pathogens Uridine-to-Uracil Catabolism
Dendritic Cells (DCs)
Gut bacteria
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum & Staphylococcus aureus
Pathobionts / Pathogens
Pathogens / Pathobionts / Pathogenic Bacteria & Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)