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In Intestinal immune system, T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells are indispensable for intestine homeostasis via preventing pathogenic bacteria invasion, regulating metabolism and functions of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and promoting IEC self-renewal
Macrophages, DCs, various subsets of T cells, B cells, and the secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) they produce all contribute to the generation of a proper immune response to invading pathogens while keeping the resident microbial community in check without generating an overt inflammatory response to it
Dendritic cells (DCs) together with regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential mediators of immune homeostasis
MHC-II on DCs mediates normal Treg functions and maintains intestinal homeostasis