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meRfi® Microbiome - The Digital Gut Microbiome Reference (incl. AI Chat)
Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

AuthorsReferences (Sources)

AuthorsReferences (Sources)

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Indole Pathway

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Contents

Gut microbiota & Tryptophan metabolites

Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA, 3-IAA) is an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). It promotes the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10). In macrophages and dendritic cells (APCs) it triggers signaling pathways - particularly involving Src and STAT3 - that lead to enhanced IL-10 production during inflammatory conditions such as [LPS](bra…

References (Sources)

A Defect in Nucleosome Remodeling Prevents IL-12(p35) Gene Transcription in Neonatal Dendritic Cells
Goriely et al. 2004 J Exp Med 199(7): 1011-1016
Human gut-associated Bifidobacterium species salvage exogenous indole, a uremic toxin precursor, to synthesize indole-3-lactic acid via tryptophan
Yong et al. 2024 Gut Microbes 16(1): 2347728
Indole Treatment Alleviates Intestinal Tissue Damage Induced by Chicken Coccidiosis Through Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
Kim et al. 2019 Front Immunol 10: 560
Lactobacillus gallinarum-derived metabolites boost anti-PD1 efﬁcacy in colorectal cancer by inhibiting regulatory T cells through modulating IDO1/Kyn/AHR axis
Fong et al. 2023 Gut 72: 2272-2285
The Landscape of AhR Regulators and Coregulators to Fine-Tune AhR Functions
Gargaro et al. 2021 Int J Mol Sci 22(2): 757
Review
Toward Understanding the Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in the Immune System: Current Progress and Future Trends
Hanieh 2014 BioMed Research International 2014: 520763
Review
Transcriptomic signatures reveal a shift towards an anti-inflammatory gene expression profile but also the induction of type I and type II interferon signaling networks through aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in murine macrophages
Schmidt et al. 2023 Front Immunol 14: 1156493

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7/1/2026

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