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The gut microbiota is involved in metabolic, immunological, structural, and neurological functions. It may have a role in osteoarthritis (OA) as suggested by the "Gut Microbiota-Joint-Axis" hypothesis (1).
The "gut microbiota–immune–joint axis" describes the regulatory network between gut microbiota and the immune system in OA. Disruption of gut microbiota may weaken the intestinal barrier, allowing microbe-derived signals into circulation. These signals activate inflammatory pathways like TLR4/NFKB and JAK/STAT, causing immune cell changes and imbalanced T-cell responses. Chronic inflammation …