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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-enclosed nanoparticles (vesicles) released by most eukaryotic cells (2, 3, 4, 5, 13).
Extracellular vesicles (EV) contain toxins (15), proteins (including cytokines), lipids, and nucleic acids (mRNA, MicroRNAs (miRNAs), lcRNA, tRNA) (13), and even active proteasome subunits (19). Additionally, EVs carry specific cargos from infected cells. This makes them useful as biomarkers for diseases. Viruses can use the EV machinery to spread. EVs from infected cells can carry immune molecules. This …