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Various genetic and molecular studies have made it possible to determine that probiotics exert beneficial effects through four main mechanisms:
(1) Improving the gut microbial population,
(2) increasing mucus-secretion,
(3) preventing the destruction of tight junction proteins by decreasing the number of lipopolysaccharides,
(4) the immunomodulation they exert in the host,
(5) antagonism through the production of antimicrobial substances,
(6) the inhibition of bacterial toxins,
(7) competition with pathogens by adhesion to the epithelium
These mechanisms are relevant in the prophylaxis, treatment of infections, and maintenance of the host’s gut micro…