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Fucoidan is a marine polysaccharide from brown seaweed. It protects human gut microbes against various antibiotics in vitro and fecal communities ex vivo. The protection depends on the polysaccharide's structural integrity, molecular weight, and sulfur content. Transcriptomic analysis showed fucoidan had minimal impact on baseline gene expression. Fucoidan counteracted about 60% of kanamycin-induced genes, suggesting potential kanamycin inhibition. Mass spectrometry suggested fucoidan might inhibit kanamycin through non-specific binding in solution. Mass s…