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Parkinson's disease (PD) affects more than six million people worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing.
Cardinal motor impairment and alfa-synucleinopathy are the characteristic features of Parkinson’s Disease
Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, expected to affect more than 7-10 million people worldwide by 2030
The Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD) prevalence increases with age. In this regard, its prevalence rate is estimated to escalate from 1% in adults over 60 years of age to 3–4% in adults older than 85
Most of the patients suffer additionally from non-motor symptoms, which may occur already in the prodromal phase of the disease years before Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD) is diagnosed
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the progressive degeneration of Dopaminergic neurons. At the cellular level, Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by the formation of Lewy bodies in the central nervous system (CNS). The onset of Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD) is believed to begin in peripheral organs, particularly the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the olfactory bulb, before affecting the CNS. However, current research has not clarified the specific tissue in the Intestine / Gastrointestinal Tract (Gut / GIT) where PD-related pathological processes begin and the mechanism by which these processes spread to the CNS or other GIT tissues.
Patients in the pre-motor stage of Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD) often experience digestive issues and significant changes in the gut microbiota.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 3.7% of the population over 65 years of age. The disease is characterized by the degeneration of Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra Pars compacta (SNPC), leading to a deficiency of dopamine.
The most distinctive pathologic features associated are the loss of neurons of the enteric nervous system and the generation of Lewy bodies in the gut .
In addition to dopamine, acetylcholine plays a substantial role in controlling the voluntary movements exerted by the striatum
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is marked by the depletion of Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra Pars compacta. This leads to a deficiency of dopamine in the striatum. Additionally, the remaining neurons exhibit intracellular eosinophilic inclusions, known as Lewy neurites and Lewy bodies.
A staging model matches the progression of Parkinson's symptoms with intracellular deposits of pathological alpha-synuclein aggregates or Lewy pathology (LP ) of the corresponding brain areas
Braak hypothesized that a foreign pathogen, either bacterial or viral, triggers a response that leads to Lewy pathology that affects the olfactory and GIT system
Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by motor symptoms such as bradykinesia , tremor , and postural abnormalities
The onset of sporadic Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD) is unknown, but the Braak hypothesis offers to explain a mechanism for this. Braak et al. proposed the dual-hit theory, which suggests that sporadic PD starts in two places - the neurons of the olfactory system and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
Composed of six stages, disease progression is determined by the Braak staging system. Each stage represents a site of Lewy pathology (LP), starting from the ENS and ascending through the brain. Stages 1 and 2 demonstrate hindbrain pathology, while stages 3 and 4 involve the midbrain, where motor symptoms become recognizable. Cognitive symptoms are apparent in stages 5 and 6 as the entire neocortex is affected
see also:
Aggregation & Alfa-Synuclein (SNCA)
Alfa-synucleinopathies
Braak staging system & Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD)
Lewy Pathology (LP) & Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD)
Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD) & Motor symptoms
Morbus Parkinson / Parkinson's Disease (PD) & Non-motor symptoms (NMS)