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H. pylori contain genes encoding a secreted effector protein (chronic active gastritis A, CagA) and components of a type IV secretion system (Cag T4SS), which forms needlelike pili to bind the integrin-β1 receptor and results in injection of the CagA oncoprotein
H. pylori uses the adhesin protein HopQ to bind to Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) proteins in epithelial cells. This leads to the translocation of its virulence factor, CagA, triggering pro-inflammatory…