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Dysbiosis refers to disturbances in the gut microbiota, leading to altered composition and metabolome of commensal communities, with reduced phylogenetic diversity (1, 2, 3).
As causes, dysbiosis can result from environmental or internal factors, including antibiotics, infections, drugs, medications, aging, lifestyle changes, surgery, and poor nutrition (4, 5, 6). Dysbiosis is influenced by age, particularly in the 7th and 8th decades of life (22). In addition, urbanization and [industrialization](brain://MBcswVEd1E6tVBxlxOPGyA/Industrialisati…