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Once the microbiome and its factors enter the bloodstream, they can modify peripheral immune cells, facilitating interactions with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and other components of the neurovascular unit. Bacteria, along with their factors, cytokines, and other immunoactive substances released from peripheral sites under the microbiome's influence, can cross the BBB. This crossing can alter the BBB's integrity, modify its transport rates, or trigger the release of neuroimmune substances from barrier cells.
Additionally, metabolic products produced by the microbiome, such as [short-chain fatty ac…