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meRfi® Microbiome - The Digital Gut Microbiome Reference (incl. AI Chat)
Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

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Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS)

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Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are lymphoid organs that develop in non-lymphoid tissues in response to antigen persistence in an inﬂamed microenvironment.
Fridman et al. 2023 Immunity 56: 2254-2269

They have been initially described in chronically infected organs, in sites of inﬂammatory and auto-immune diseases and in transplants subjected to chronic rejection.
Moyron-Quiroz et al. 2004 Nat. Med. 10: 927-934
Aloisi & Pujol-Borrell 2006 Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6: 205-217
Thaunat et al. 2010 J. Immunol. 185: 717-728
Pitzalis et al. 2014 Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14: 447-462

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), adjacent to the tumor beds, containing germinallike centers with mature dendritic cells , T cells , and proliferating B cells
Fridman et al. 2011
Fridma…

References (Sources)

Chronic Rejection Triggers the Development of an Aggressive Intragraft Immune Response through Recapitulation of Lymphoid Organogenesis
Thaunat et al. 2010 J. Immunol. 185: 717-728
From Lymphotoxin to Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Beyond
Ruddle 2025 Immunological Reviews 335(1): e70062
Review
Insights into Tumor-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: Novel Targets for Antitumor Immunity and Cancer Immunotherapy
Rodriguez & Engelhard 2020 CANCER IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 8: 1338
Lymphoid neogenesis in chronic inﬂammatory diseases
Aloisi & Pujol-Borrell 2006 Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6: 205-217
Review
Role of inducible bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) in respiratory immunity
Moyron-Quiroz et al. 2004 Nat. Med. 10: 927-934
Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Across Organs: Context, Composition, and Clinical Levers
Guillaume et al. 2025 Immunological Reviews 335(1): e70063
Review
Tertiary lymphoid structures and B cells: An intratumoral immunity cycle
Fridman et al. 2023 Immunity 56: 2254-2269
Review

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