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Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs or MAP kinases) – JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) – ERK 1/2 kinase signaling cascade (MAPK-JNK-ERK) regulates proliferation, differentiation, stress response, and apoptosis.
JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) is activated by stress signals such as cytokines, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and heat shock. It is involved in regulating apoptosis, inflammation, and cellular stress responses.
ERK 1/2 kinase is main…