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Sex hormones have a significant impact on the immune system. Testosterone generally has an immunosuppressive effect, while estrogen has an immunoenhancing effect on the immune system. This leads to sexual dimorphism in immunity, affecting both innate and adaptive immune responses. For example, females have been shown to have enhanced immune reactivity, which can result in effective resistance to infection but may also lead to predisposition to autoimmunity. The effects of sex hormones on innate immune function are important for understanding sex-specific responses to pathogens and vaccines, as well as how innate immunity is altered during periods of hormonal change. While there is no consensus on treating diseases based on the sex of a patient, understanding the interplay between sex hormones and the immune s…