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Due to impaired mucosal barrier integrity, PAMPs, bacteria, metabolites, ethanol, and cytolysin can pass through the portal vein into the liver. The primary target cells in the liver are hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and stellate cells. Gut-derived PAMPs that reach the liver are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs).
Cytolysin is specifically associated with alcoholic hepatitis—it was not associated with the presence or progression of NAFLD
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