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Lignan-rich foods, which are converted by the gut microbiota into enterolactone and enterodiol, can protect against chronic Western diseases. The main lignan-rich foods include whole grains, beans, berries, nuts, and seeds. Factors such as diet, gut flora, smoking, antibiotics, and obesity influence lignan levels. Lignan-rich diets can offer lifelong benefits, with animal studies showing anticarcinogenic effects. However, epidemiological results are mixed due to different d…