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CpG oligonucleotides are patterns found in microbes and are used in treatments to boost the immune system. When antibiotics disrupt the gut bacteria in mice, it reduces the effectiveness of CpG in treating tumors under the skin in a mouse model.
CpG have been shown to specifically activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and B cells / B Lymphocytes in humans. CpG has been shown to promote via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) [DC maturation](brain://sUqtZGQU1V66_gw-HmGl7A/Dc…