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meRfi® Microbiome - The Digital Gut Microbiome Reference (incl. AI Chat)
Prebiotics, Probiotics, FMT / Manipulators of the Intestinal Microbiota

AuthorsReferences (Sources)

Bacterial Polysaccharide A (PSA) & Immunomodulation

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Bacterial Polysaccharide A (PSA) mediates the conversion of CD4+ T cells into RAR-related Orphan Receptor Gamma/T (ROR-gamma/t) Isoform 2 (NR1F3)t+ Foxp3+ Colonic Treg cells (Round & Mazmanian 2010). It also activates Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) directly on Treg cells (Round et al. 2011) following in an IL-10 response, which prevents the expansion of T helper 17 cell (Th17) and potential damage to the mucosal barrier (Hooper et al. 2012).

Bacterial Polysaccharide A (PSA)…

A bacterial carbohydrate links innate and adaptive responses through Toll-like receptor 2
Wang et al. 2006a J Exp Med. 203: 2853–63.
A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease
Mazmanian et al. 2008
An Immunomodulatory Molecule of Symbiotic Bacteria Directs Maturation of the Host Immune System
Mazmanian et al. 2005
IL-2 mediates protection against abscess formation in an experimental model of sepsis
Tzianabos et al. 1999 J Immunol. 163: 893–97.
Inducible Foxp3+ Treg-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota
Round & Mazmanian 2010
Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system
Hooper et al. 2012
The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota
Round et al. 2011

7/1/2026