Type IV Secretion Systems (T4SS)

Type IV Secretion Systems (T4SS) are one-step secretion systems that move DNA from the cytoplasm directly outside the cell.
Willey et al. 2023 McGraw Hill, USA, ISBN 978-1-265-12303-1

In gram-negative bacteria, the unidirectional transfer is mediated by the type IV secretory system (T4SS), produced by the donor cell and embedded in its outer and inner membrane
Macé et al. 2022 Nature 607: 191

The structure of the T4SS complex is an extensive protein-protein interaction network required to encapsulate the many components of the T4SS and provides insight into the unique mechanism by which they form pili
Macé et al. 2022 Nature 607: 191

Unidirectional transfer plays a special role in the spread of [antibiotic-resistance genes](brain://aCPaU72l-02qiutkZ8Z…