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Combinations of Immune Checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) + Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) targeting anti-PD-1 are considered the standard first-line treatment for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The composition of intestinal microbiota may affect the activity of ICIs in mRCC and other types of cancer. Meanwhile, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is currently employed to manage diseases related to microbiota (1).
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind treatment tr…