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Paradoxically, zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs), found in numerous commensal organisms, can elicit both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory responses. By that, they optimize the balance between Th17 cells and IL-10 producing Treg cells. The archetypal ZPS is Bacteroides fragilis PSA
Commensal organisms cause many common infectious diseases (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and [Streptococcus pyogen…