L-carnitine

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L-carnitine comes from e.g., red meat
Zmora et al. 2019 Nat Rev Gastroenterology & Hepatology 16: 35

The presence of Bacteroides or Prevotella decreases [TMAO]…

Carnitine metabolism to trimethylamine by an unusual Rieske-type oxygenase from human microbiota
Zhu et al. 2014 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(11): 4268-73
Elucidation of an anaerobic pathway for metabolism of L-carnitine–derived γ-butyrobetaine to trimethylamine in human gut bacteria
Rajakovich et al. 2021 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118(32): e2101498118
L-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans.
Koeth et al. 2019 J Clin Invest. 129: 373-387
You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota
Zmora et al. 2019 Nat Rev Gastroenterology & Hepatology 16: 35
Review

10/23/2026