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In the Card14E138A/+ murine model of psoriasis, spontaneous skin inflammation led to changes in both the immune structure within the skin and systemic metabolites. Notably, the indole-producing gut microbiota, rather than skin microbiota, were the primary drivers of psoriatic inflammation. Indoxyl sulfate (I3S) as a L-tryptophan metabolite activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in skin [T helper (Th) 17 cells](bra…