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Cardiovascular fibrosis, particularly cardiac fibrosis, is a common pathophysiologic event in most heart diseases, characterized by an excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the cardiac muscle.
This can lead to poor tissue compliance, hardening of the myocardium, and ultimately, cardiac dysfunction and heart failure.
The main cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis are activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which serve as the primary source of matrix proteins.
Cardiac fibrosis i…