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Infections, injuries, and other inflammatory stimuli induce macrophages to release TNF-alfa, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and NO. This leads to inflammatory reactions, which can also be harmful or fatal. In response to inflammatory stimuli, the activity of the spermine uptake system in activated macrophages is increased, leading to increased uptake of spermine from the environment. The accumulation of spermine at inflammatory sites increases intracellular macrophage uptake of spermine. This results in the downregulation of macrophage activation and the dampening of infl…