Retinoic Acid (RA) (all-trans-retinoic acid)

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Retinoic Acid Roles in Vision, Neurogenesis, and Immunity

Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, supports the visual process and neurogenesis. It also has major effects on immune responses and therapeutic potential in autoimmune diseases (1, 2, 3, 4).

Where Dendritic Cells Produce Retinoic Acid in Mice

In mice, migratory dendritic cells (DCs) convert vitamin A to all-trans-retinoic acid in epithelial tissues - including the intestine, skin, and lung—and in their as…

References (Sources)

Intestinal Dendritic Cells Increase T Cell Expression of Alpha4beta7 Integrin
Stagg et al. 2002 Eur J Immunol 32(5): 1445-54
Normalization of Hippocampal Retinoic Acid Level Corrects Age-Related Memory Deﬁcits in Rats
Dumetz et al. 2020 Neurobiol Aging 85: 1-10
Reciprocal TH17 and regulatory T cell differentiation mediated by retinoic acid
Mucida et al. 2007 Science 317: 256-260
Retinoic Acid and Immune Homeostasis: A Balancing Act
Erkelens & Mebius 2017 Trends Immunol 38(3): 168-80
Review
Retinoic Acid and Retinoic Acid Receptors as Pleiotropic Modulators of the Immune System
Larange & Cheroutre 2016 Annu Rev Immunol 34: 369-94
Review
Retinoic acid prevents immunogenicity of milk lipocalin Bos d 5 through binding to its immunodominant T-cell epitope
Hufnagl et al. 2018 Sci Rep 8: 1598
The Role of Microbiota on the Gut Immunology
Min & Rhee, 2015
Review

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