Innate Immune Response

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Immune Cell Recognition Initiates Bacterial Responses

Immune cells detect bacterial components through surface receptors. This receptor signaling sends information to the nucleus, where cells produce cytokines and initiate an immune response (1, 2, 3, 4).

Phagocytosis Provides the First Immune Defense Step

This study focused on phagocytosis as the first step in the proposed mechanism. Increased p…

References (Sources)

A protein associated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 (PRAT4A) is required for TLR-dependent immune responses
Takahashi et al. 2007 J Exp Med 204: 2963-2976
Double-stranded RNA derived from lactic acid bacteria augments Th1 immunity via Interferon-β from human dendritic cells
Kawashima et al. 2018 Front Immunol 9: 27
Interactions between the tumor suppressor p53 and immune responses
Menendez et al., 2012
Review
Internalization and degradation of macrophage Fc receptors during receptor-mediated phagocytosis
Mellman et al. 1983 J Cell Biol 96: 887-895
Phagocytosis and the inflammatory response
Aderem 2003 J Infect Dis 187(Suppl_2): S340-S345
α-Lipoic acid increases phagocytosis of some lactic acid bacteria via modulation of CD36 expression
Nomura et al. 2025 Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health 44(1): 43-48

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