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The relationship between Clonorchis sinensis (CS) infection and carcinogenesis, specifically cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), is well-documented and complex, involving multiple biological mechanisms and pathways. Clonorchis sinensis, a liver fluke, is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) due to its strong association with the development of cholangiocarcinoma, a type of liver cancer affecting the bile ducts.
Machicado & Marco…