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An umbrella term for infrequent bowel movements, hard or dry stools, difficult or painful passage, straining, or incomplete evacuation. It can be temporary or chronic and may have primary or secondary causes (1)
Constipation affects 10–20% of the global population. It significantly impacts quality of life and has a socioeconomic cost (2).
Borody et al. defined chronic constipation as a stool frequency of once every four to seven days associated with symptoms (3).
(1) Constipation - NIDDK
(2) Chen et al. 2026 Front Microbiol 17: …