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In addition to small-molecule antibiotics, Streptomyces produce and secrete antibacterial protein complexes. These complexes feature a large, degenerate repeat-containing polymorphic toxin protein. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of these particles reveals an extended stalk topped by a ringed crown comprising the toxin repeats scaffolding five lectin-tipped spokes. This unique structure led us to name them umbrella particles.
In the model streptomycete S. coelicolor, three ALF proteins were identified and named umbrella toxin protein C1 (UmbC1), UmbC2, and UmbC3. Each of these proteins contains several distinct features: