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Clostridioides difficile (CDI) intestinal infections are among the most common nosocomial infections in high-income countries (8). Refractory Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) = Ongoing CDI-related symptoms despite appropriate extended anti-microbial therapy (47). Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) rates have increased significantly over the years. The Covid-19 pandemic has contributed to higher CDI rates (6). C. difficile infection (CDI) is made more complex by a high level of strain diversity and the emergence of epidemic strains, including ribotype 027-strains which induce more severe disease in patients (25, 38, 39, 40).
C difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in hospi…