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The opening and closing of voltage-dependent ion channels occur through changes in the membrane potential. Voltage-dependent ion channels are essential in excitable cells, such as neurons and cardiac muscle, for the initiation, propagation, and termination of an excitation. In most cases, they are opened by depolarization, leading to a transient, selective influx of ions.
In addition to the channels opened by depolarization, there are voltage-dependent ion channels that are activated by hyperpolarization of the cell membrane and by cyclic nucleotides. These have an important pacemaker function in cells with rhythmic activity, for example in the sinus node and in certain neurons.
Geisslinger et al. 2020 Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH ISBN 978-3-8047-3663…