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We detected a significant presence of immune cells around the earliest lesions. However, cells that suppress the immune response, such as tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and regulatory T cells (Treg), were present from the onset and persisted through to invasive cancer stages.
Effector T cells were scarce in early lesions and appeared only in some advanced cancers, showing no signs of activation. Their absence was closely linked to the presence of MDSC, with the two rarely coexisting.
Laboratory tests demonstrated that MDSC inhibited t…