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Many viral restriction factors in eukaryotes have unclear mechanisms of action. Human ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein, is known to attach to various proteins, but its antiviral mechanism is not fully understood
Recent studies have identified a bacterial defense system, Bil (bacterial ISG15-like), which encodes a similar ubiquitin-like protein (Ubl) and conjugation machinery in E. coli. This system links the Ubl protein to phage tail fibers, potentially blocking new virion assembly and protecting neighboring cells. These findings could inform future research on human ISG15.
Hör et al. 2024 Nature…