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Several factors influence the differentiation of CD4+ T helper cells into CD4+ Th9 cells: Activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway can enhance the differentiation and effector functions of CD4+ Th9 Cells independently of Type I Interferon Receptor but through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Also, specific cytokines such as Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) are crucial for the differentiation of CD4+ Th9 Cells
Benoit-Lizon et al. 2022 J Immunother Cancer. 10(1): e003459
CD4+ Th9 cells have shown a remarkable ability to eliminate advanced tumors and represent a unique subset of CD4+ T cells with antitumor solid capabilities.