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Diet-microbe interactions play a crucial role in modulation of the early life microbiota and infant health. Bifidobacterium dominates the breast-fed infant gut and may persist in individuals during transition from a milk-based to a more diversified diet. Here, we investigated adaptation of Bifidobacterium longum to the changing nutritional environment. Genomic characterization of 75 strains isolated from nine either exclusively breast- or formula-fed (pre-weaning) i[nfants in their first 18 months revealed subspecies- and strain-specific intra-individual genomic diversity with respect to carbohydrate metabolism, which corresponded to different dietary stages](brain://-g2NgMD8zkqem2hwtXMfAA/NfantsInTheir%EF%AC…