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Neuromodulation is an expanding area of pain medicine that incorporates an array of non-invasive, minimally invasive, and surgical electrical therapies.
Neuromodulators play a critical role in the management of chronic pain and offer potential therapeutic approaches beyond opioid treatments.
The most critical neuromodulators include
dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), cytokines, and [chemokines](brain://GLYgmjx5F0Ohj…