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Psychobiotics for major depressive disorder are promising, but the human evidence still supports them mainly as adjuncts rather than stand-alone, first-line treatment for MDD. In current clinical literature, benefits appear modest, strain-specific, and not yet strong enough to support a general recommendation for “psychobiotics” as a uniform MDD therapy.
The antidepressant-like effect of psychobiotics has been observed in pre-clinical and clinical studies, but the molecular mechanisms of action are largely unclear.