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ILCs originate from common innate lymphoid progenitor cells (CILPs). They respond primarily to stress signals, opsonized microbes, foreign antigens, and cytokines - stimuli also recognized by neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells during the innate immune response (3, 12, 13).
Mouse studies indicate that tissue ILC populations arise through successive developmental waves from fetal life through adulthood, a process known as layered ontogeny (14, 15).
![Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)](.data/…