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Butyrate increases Interleukin-23 (IL-23) production by stimulated dendritic cells. These effects depend on concentration, administration route (oral vs systemic), and host context. While oral butyrate worsened DSS-colitis (via IL-23 upregulation), systemic (injected) butyrate mildly improved it.
Berndt 2012 Am J Physiol À Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol 303: 1384-92
Butyrate, in a mechanistic manner, inhibits the production of IL-12p70 and Interleukin-10 (IL-10). However, it enhances the production of Interleukin-23 (IL-23) and [IL-1 beta](brain://vlvXVFK22VKp4yP-BFfTqQ/I…