M2 macrophages (CD68+ CD163+)

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How can hypoxia and danger signals cause the switch from M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages?

The inhibition of HIF1alfa (e.g., by hypoxia, danger signals) will change the phenotype of the macrophage from a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to a pro-reparatory (or alternatively activated) M2 phenotype (2).

Which interleukins are typical for the differentiation of M2 macrophages from M1 macrophages?

Activation of their differentiation from the classic M1 macrophage phenotype is typically mediated by [interleukin-4 (IL-4)](brain://oP9LSEBc50epGdKpq6GnQw…

References (Sources)

Alternatively activated macrophages and airway disease
Byers & Holtzman 2011 Chest 140(3): 768-774
Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Immunometabolism: New Frontiers for Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
Belizario et al. 2018
Review
IL-33-induced metabolic reprogramming controls the differentiation of alternatively activated macrophages and the resolution of inflammation
Faas et al. 2021 Immunity 54: 2531-2546
Macrophage Polarization States in the Tumor Microenvironment
Boutilier et al. 2021 Int J Mol Sci 22(13): 6995
Review
Macrophage polarization: The link between inflammation and related diseases
Bashir et al. 2016 Inflamm. Res. 65: 1-11
Review
Microbial metabolite butyrate facilitates M2 macrophage polarization and function
Ji et al. 2016 Sci Rep 6: 24838
Network integration of parallel metabolic and transcriptional data reveals metabolic modules that regulate macrophage polarization
Jha et al. 2015 Immunity 42: 419-430

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