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Gluten's immunogenic peptides pass through the intestinal lumen and can trigger both innate and adaptive immune responses. These responses may cause clinical and histological manifestations of celiac disease, affecting the intestines, other organs, or both (1)
People with celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and functional dyspepsia do not show consistent changes in microbial diversity (2).
However, their microbiomes may differ in their functional capacity - p…