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Progress in understanding the mechanism of action of metformin has been gradual. Traditionally, the liver was considered its sole target (). However, recent studies have highlighted the significance of the gut in metformin's effects.
There is evidence that metformin inhibits hepatic glucose production via its inhibitory effect on the Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) protein and gene expression, an important regulator of gluconeogenesis (). Metformin is primarily…