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Recent evidence indicates that ionizing radiation can enhance immune responses to tumors. Advances in
radiation delivery techniques allow hypofractionated
delivery of conformal radiotherapy. Hypofractionation
or other modifications of standard fractionation may
improve radiation’s ability to promote immune responses
to tumors. Other novel delivery options may also affect immune responses, including T-cell activation and tumor-antigen presentation changes. However, there is limited understanding of the immunological impact of hypofractionated and unique multifractionated radiotherapy regimens, as these observations are relatively recent. Hence, these differences in radiotherapy fractionation result in distinct immune-modulatory effects. Radiation oncologists and immunologists convened a virtual consensus discu…